粮食主产区农户种粮意愿及影响因素分析———基于黑龙江省种粮农户的调查

新经济形势下,粮食安全特别是主产区的粮食安全供给关系到了整个国内粮食的稳定.采用黑龙江省265份种粮农户的调查数据,运用Logistic模型对黑龙江省农户种粮意愿影响因素进行实证分析.结果表明:种粮收益、生产灌溉水资源充足与否、粮食补贴政策、粮食销售交通便利性、生产资料价格合理性与农户种粮意愿呈正相关关系,非农收入比例与种粮意愿呈负相关关系.在此基础上提出,加强主产区农户粮食生产各项政策补贴,增加其种粮收益;改善主产区粮食生产基础设施条件,保障农田水利、道路交通等设施的政府投入力度;积极培育专业化种粮大户或家庭农场,集中有限的资源扩大其规模经营效益;深入探讨主产区承包经营体制,稳定推进种粮农户粮食生产投入.     

渝东南土壤pH值与烟叶主要元素相关性分析

通过对渝东南烟区植烟土壤及烟叶成分进行分析,明确土壤pH值对渝东南烟区烟叶质量风格的影响.以渝东南典型烟区彭水、武隆两县149份土壤样品及其对应的烤后中部烟叶样品为材料,分别对植烟土壤pH、中部烟叶全钾、全磷、全氯、B 、Mn、Fe 、Cu、Ni、As等元素含量分布特性及相互关系进行研究.结果表明:(1)彭水、武隆两县植烟土壤以酸性土壤(4.5＜pH≤5.0)为主,最适宜烤烟种植的pH所占比例分别为26.2％ 、36.8％,不同乡镇间土壤pH值总体差异性不大;(2)两县烟叶中各元素含量具有差异性,总体变异幅度以Cu、As、全氯、Mn较大,以全磷最小,且不同乡镇之间烟叶各元素含量不尽相同;(3)土壤pH值与中部烟叶各元素含量之间存在相关性,其中全磷含量与土壤pH显著正相关,Mn、Cu含量与土壤pH值显著负相关,Ni含量与土壤pH值极显著负相关.渝东南烟区植烟土壤酸化现象较为严重,通过改良酸化土壤在一定程度上可改善当地烟叶品质.     

彩叶植物花叶蔓长春的研究进展

花叶蔓长春已经作为彩叶地被被广泛地应用于各大城市的园林中。总结了国内外有关花叶蔓长春的引种栽培、形态学、抗性生理、生物技术等方面的研究进展,为进一步研究及推广应用花叶蔓长春提供参考。     

基于生态视角的粮食主产区利益补偿估算研究

为了更加有效地衡量粮食主产区发展粮食生产支付的成本,改变现行的与过去农业税计税面积挂钩的各项经济补偿方法提供帮助,采取从生态视角人手的方法,在虚拟水补偿、碳吸收补偿和土壤有机质含量下降补偿三者相结合的基础上,构建了粮食主产区利益补偿估算模型.利用全国最大的粮食生产省份黑龙江省2011年的数据,带入估算模型得到了水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆的单位重量补偿金额,进而换算成单位面积补偿金额,对估算数据进行了简要说明,并对今后的进一步研究提出了展望.     

Major histocompatibility complex and mate choice in the polygynous primate: the Sichuan snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana)

The highly polymorphic genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) not only play a major role in immunity resistance, but also seem to provide hints for mate choice in some animal populations. In the present study we investigated MHC‐related mate choice in a small natural population (group size 40–55 individuals) of a polygynous primate, the Sichuan snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana). We found that there was no evidence either for MHC‐disassortative mating, or for females to mate with males based on MHC heterozygosity or specific alleles. Nevertheless, of the 11 alleles identified, we found that the frequencies of 2 alleles, Rhro‐DRB2 (P < 0.01) and Rhro‐DRB5 (P < 0.05) were higher in offspring than in their parents. These findings suggest that MHC‐DRB in this population of R. roxellana is unlikely to be associated with mating preferences. Limited female opportunities for mate choice are likely due, in part, to the harem breeding structure present in R. roxellana, and the relatively small number of resident adult males in our study band (N = 4–6). In addition, we suggest that differences in the frequency of particular alleles across generations may be linked to parasite resistance in a fluctuating environment; however, confirmation of this finding requires further study.     

真鲷窒息点与耗氧率的初步测定

真鲷(Pagrosomus major T and S)是广东及其他各省市沿海海水网箱养殖的主要鱼类之一。随着真鲷人工繁殖和苗种培育的成功,真鲷养殖业将会有一个更大的发展。夫于鱼类的窒息点与耗氧率的研究早有不少,但是对真鲷除个别学者提及其窒息点外,真正对其窒息点与耗氧率的系统研究尚未见到。为了绘其鲷的人工繁殖、苗种培育、运输和成鱼养殖提供呼吸生理方面的理论依据,笔者于1990年春对真鲷的窒息点和耗氧率进行了初步测定,就不同规格大小的苗种及备种外界条件与窒息点和耗氧率之间的关系进行了初步探讨。     

Henneguya pagri n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) causing cardiac henneguyosis in red sea bream, Pagrus major (Temminck & Schlegel)

Henneguya pagri n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) is described from netpen-cultured red sea bream, Pagrus major, in Japan. Affected fish displayed anaemic gills, an enlarged bulbus arteriosus and internal haemorrhaging in the pericardial cavity. Disease outbreaks occurred during the summer and the prevalence of infection reached 75% in August. Plasmodia of H. pagri developed in the bulbus arteriosus of red sea bream, in which degenerative cardiomyopathy was observed. Following maturation of the parasite, the influx of spores into the gills caused congestion of the gill capillaries, resulting in proliferative branchitis. Spores (10.5 x 7.5 microm) were ovoid with two caudal appendages (29.6 microm in average length), with a whip-like extension from the end. Partial small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences of H. pagri are closely related to those of H. lateolabracis infecting the bulbus arteriosus of Chinese sea bass, Lateolabrax sp.     

Vaccine-associated granulomatous inflammation and melanin accumulation in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., white muscle

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature of variably sized pigmented foci encountered in fillets of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. The material was sampled on the fillet production line and on salmon farms from fish with an average size of 3 kg from various producers. The fish had been routinely vaccinated by injection. Gross pathology, histology, immunohistochemistry using antisera against major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II beta chain and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the changes. Macroscopically, melanized foci were seen penetrating from the peritoneum deep into the abdominal wall, sometimes right through to the skin, and also embedded in the caudal musculature. Histological investigation revealed muscle degeneration and necrosis, fibrosis and granulomatous inflammation containing varying numbers of melano-macrophages. Vacuoles, either empty or containing heterogeneous material, were frequently seen. The presence of abundant MHC class II+ cells indicated an active inflammatory condition. TEM showed large extracellular vacuoles and leucocytes containing homogeneous material of lipid-like appearance. The results showed that the melanized foci in Atlantic salmon fillet resulted from an inflammatory condition probably induced by vaccination. The described condition is not known in wild salmon and in farmed salmon where injection vaccination is not applied.     

真鲷幼鱼狂游症病毒病原学初步研究

应用电子显微镜观察真鲷幼鱼内脏组织超薄切片。发现真鲷幼鱼脾脏存在大量病毒颗粒。病毒颗粒直径约１２０ｎｍ，呈六角形，有一层蛋白质外壳。核心主要为核心酸。病毒颗粒主要位于细胞核内。感染的细胞肿胀，比正常细胞增大５－６倍。在肠组织超薄切片中也发现少量形态相同的病毒颗粒。     

基于四大家鱼产卵需求的汉江中下游生态流量研究

针对汉江中下游梯级电站开发后水文节律变化造成四大家鱼栖息地生境质量降低的问题,分别通过几种常用水文学法和栖息地模型计算了汉江中下游河道最小生态流量和四大家鱼产卵适宜生态流量,并在最小生态流量的基础上,结合四大家鱼产卵适宜生态流量以及生态水文特征在5-8月进行了脉冲设计,综合确定出了满足四大家鱼产卵需求的生态流量过程。结果表明,Lyon法和7Q10法最适宜汉江中下游最小生态流量的计算,流量为294~863 m3/s;通过栖息地模型计算,彭市和仙桃江段四大家鱼产卵适宜生态流量为1233~3950 m3/s;流量日涨幅在139.1~534.8 m3/s,持续5 d的涨水过程可为四大家鱼产卵提供良好的条件。该研究从考虑四大家鱼产卵需求的角度,为汉江中下游梯级电站的生态调度提供科学参考。